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Class 5-IV-The British Expansion In India

Other Annexations:


             * In 1839, Sindh was annexed and Sindh Province was created.
             * In 1834, Punjab was annexed. But they left Jammu&Kashmir untouched.
             * In 1885, the Entire Burma was annexed and included into India.
             * In 1935, Burma was seperated from India.

Annexations Without War:


By Wellesley (1798-1805)

Subsidiary Alliance (Provisions):

              * The British would render the Military help to the Indian Princes.
              * For that the Indian Princes should cede a considerable portion of their Territory to British permanently in lieu (instead) salary.
              * First state to enter - Nawab of hyderabad. (1718)
              * Second state to enter - Mysore (1799)
              * Third state to enter - The Marathas (1802)


By Dalhousie (1848-1856)


Doctrine Of Lapse (Provisions):


              * If there were no natural heir for an Indian ruler, then after his death his territory would be passed to British.          
              * By using Doctrine Of Lapse, Dalhousie annexed
                          # Sambalpur
                          # Jaipur
                          # Satara
                          # Bhagat
                          # Udaipur
                          # Jhansi and
                          # Nagpur.


Good Governance: 


              * By using this, he annexed Avadh.




Left Outs: 


              * The only kingdoms to be left out 
                           # Trivangore
                           # Hyderabad
                           # Jammu&Kashmir

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Class 5-III-The British Expansion In India

Anglo-Maratha Wars

I Anglo-Maratha War (1776-1882)

         Causes:

            * Ragunath Rao, the uncle of weak Peshwa Madhava Rao was contenting for the throne.

            * Madhava Rao chased Ragunath Rao out of the kingdom. Ragunath went to Bombay and signed the Treaty Of Surat with the British.

            * British was searching for a reason to intervene in Marathian region. They made use of this chance. The war took place for seven years. They found that the Marathas were still powerful and so agreed for a treaty.

        Treaty:

           * In 1789, the Treaty Of Salbai was signed between the Peshwa and The British.

           * Also 20 years peace treaty was signed.

II Anglo-Maratha War (1802-1805)

            To understand this better one have to know about the Army structure of Marathas. To know about it, click Army Structure.

        Causes:

           * The Peshwa had some initial fights with the ministers. At one point he stabbed one of the ministers' brother. When he came to revenge the Peshwa, he went to The British.

           * The last Peshwa Baji Rao II entered a treaty called Treaty Of Bassein. (1802)

           * In that treaty, the Peshwa accepted the Subsidiary Alliance. (Introduced by Lord Wellesley)

 

       Course of Action:

          * The british defeated all the Maratha Confederacy Forces.

          * And thus the Maratha Kingdom was broken into many smaller pieces.

III Anglo Maratha War (1817-1818)

       Causes:      

          * Coming of Lord Hastings (1813-1823) as the Governor General of India.

          * He was famously known as the "War Governor General"

       Results:

         

          * The Marathas confederacy was abolished and all the Marathas territories were included into British India.

          * And Bombay Province was created . 

          * The Last Peshwa Baji Rao II became the Pensioner Of British. 

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Class 5-II-The British Expansion In India

                             Anglo Mysore Wars

First Anglo Mysore War (1765-1772)

          Causes:
               
                 * Both Hyder Ali and British wanted to expand their territories at the cost of each other.


          Course Of Action:
     
                 * At sudden moment, HyderAli was thundering the gates of Madras. British was yet to prepare. 


          Treaty:


                 * The Treaty of Madras was signed on 1772.
                 * In the Treaty, both were to support each other in the case of a third party Intervention.


Second Anglo Mysore War (1780-1784)


           Causes:


                 * When Marathas attacked Mysore, the British didnt support Hydreabad since they had similar treaty with Marathas.
                 * This led to the war.


           Course of Action:


                  * In 1784, in the Battle of PortoNova, Hyder Ali was defeated by British troops commanded by Sir Eyre Coote.
                  * In 1782, during course of war, Hyder Ali died due to Cancer.
                  * So his son Tippu Sultan continued the war.
      
            Treaty:
    
                  * Treaty Of Mangalore was signed in 1784. 




Click Tippu to see details about Tippu Sultan.



Third Anglo Mysore War 


            Causes:


                 * Coming of British Governor General Lord Cornwallis (1786-1792).
                 * Lord Cornwallis was defeated by George Washington in battle of York Town during American War of Independence in 1776.


            Course of War:


                 * British forces was headed by Governor General Cornwallis himself. 
                 * So Tippu was defeated and he was forced to sign the Treaty Of Seringapattinam.
                 * In that Treaty, Tippu gave half of his territory to the British.


            Treaty:


                 * The Treaty Of Seringapattinam was signed, giving half of his territory to the British.
                 * They are
                         # Dindigul
                         # Malabar
                         # Baramahal (Dharmapuri)


Fourth Anglo Mysore War


             Causes:


                 * Revenge of Tippu.
                 * Rise of Napoleon.
                 * Napoleon came to rule in France and his aim was to expand his Kingdom in Egypt and India. To expand  his reign in India, Napoleon thought that Tippu would be the right opportunity. So he maintained good relationship with Tippu.
                 * So British was looking for a chance for attacking Tippu.


             Course of Action:         
  
                 * When Wellesley (1798-1805) came as  the Governor General, he decided to wage war on Tippu.    
                 * Tippu was defeated and killed.
                 * British created a new province called Madras Province in 1799 & governed by Wellesley.
                 * Mysore was again restored to Woodyar Dynasty.
                 * They received pension but the British ruled the Kingdom.
                      

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Tippu Sultan

* More Powerful than Hyder Ali.
* He was the First Indian Ruler to rule on the basis of Modern Administration.
* He had good diplomatic relationship with the French. So British disliked him.
* In 1789, French Revolution started and this was highly opposed by British.

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Class 5-I-The British Expansion In India

This lesson deals with the Carnatic wars, Anglo Mysore Wars and the Anglo Maratha wars and other annexations of British.
                                                               Unit IV
                           British Expansion In India
Carnatic Wars 

       First Carnatic War (1746-1748)
 
              Causes:
                   * Austrian war of Succession in Europe.
              Course of War:
                   * Due to Austrian war of succession, there was a fight between the British and The French in Europe. It reflected in India too. British was defeated and the French captured Madras.
                   * British complained to Anwaruddin, the then Arcot Nawab. He supported the English and waged a war against the French.
                   * So, Battle of Santhome took place between French headed by Lt.Paradise and the forces of Arcot Nawab Anwaruddin headed by Mafuz Khan on Adyar River Bank.
               Treaty:
                   * The war ended with the Treaty Of Aix-la-Chapelle.
                   * This war ended when the Austrian War ended.

         Second Carnatic War (1749-1754)

               Causes:
                   * War of succession in b after the death of Nizam-ul-mulk Asaf Shah.
                   * Two members Muzzafar zang and Nazir zang fought between themselves for succession. 
                   * War of Succession at Carnatic between Chanda Sahib and Anwaruddin. 
                   * French supported Chanda Sahib and British supported Anwaruddin.
               Couse of War:
                   * In the Battle of Ambur, French forces defeated Anwaruddin and killed him. Then they made Chanda Sahib as the Nawab.
                   * But after that a British force commanded by Robert Clive attacked Chanda Sahib. There was a Battle of Arcot, in which Chanda Sahib was killed.
                   * Robert Clive was henceforth known as the Hero of Arcot.
               Treaty:
                   * Since French was defeated Dupleix was recalled to France.
                   * Second carnatic war was concluded with the Treaty of Pondicherry (1754).
                   
        Third Carnatic War (1756-1763)

                Causes:
                    * Seven Years War in Europe. 
                Course of War:
                    * In the Battle of Wandhavasi, the french troops was completely defeated by British Force Commanded by Sir Eyre Coote.
                    * Sir Eyre Coote was henceforth called as Hero Of Wandhavasi.
                    * After this war , French's thought of capturing India was buried.
                    * British gave Pondicherry, Mahe, Yanam and Chandranagore to french to rule within that.
                 Treaty: 
                    * The war came to end with the Treaty of Paris in 1763.

                 Note: In 1954, all French territories were voluntarily given by French Government by means of Diplomatic Relation.


                                                                                                                            To be continued...............

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